Acharya, a common Gujarati surname, derives its name from ’Acarya,’ a Sanskrit word for a … The same problems would arise in the reverse direction if, as many scholars have done, the term ‘caste cluster’, ‘caste complex’ or ‘caste category’ is used for divisions of a higher order and the term ‘caste’ or ‘jati’ is used for divisions of a lower order. A common Gujarati and Sindhi surname, Virani means ‘descendant of Vir.’ The word ‘Vir’ derives from the Sanskrit word ‘Vira,’ meaning a hero. Modi has an occupational origin, and refers to those who came from the community of ‘Bania,’ which originally consisted of merchants, traders, money-lenders, and shopkeepers. Literally, ekda meant ‘unit’, and gol ‘circle’, and both signified an endogamous unit. Nor were ekdas and tads entirely an urban phenomenon. The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Bougie’s ‘repulsion’) rather than on hierarchy was a feature of caste in certain contexts and situations in traditional India, and increas­ing emphasis on division in urban Indian in modern times is an accentuation of what existed in the past. One of the reasons behind underplaying of the principle of division by Dumont as well as by others seems to be the neglect of the study of caste in urban areas (see Dumont’s remarks in 1972: 150). However, it is assumed that ‘Rubberwala’ probably has an occupational origin, and referred to individuals who sold or produced rubber. Barot was originally the name of a community that derived itself from the Bhat community. The surname thus has an occupational origin. Thus, the result was the spread of the population of a caste division towards its fringes. The Sutradhar caste is subdivided into a number of subcastes including Bardhamenya, Mandaranya, Khadipeda, Astakul, and Airy. Usually, the affairs of the caste were discussed in large congregations of some fifty to hundred or even more villages from time to time. Another clearly visible change in caste in Gujarat is the emergence of caste associations. The Nai fit into the Shudra or working caste. In central Gujarat, for example, one and the same division, freely arranging marriages within it, was known by several names such as Baraiya, Dharala, Khant, Kotwal, Pagi, Patelia, Talapada, Thakarada, and Thakor. The main thrust of Pocock’s paper is that greater emphasis on differ­ence rather than on hierarchy is a feature of caste among overseas Indians and in modern urban India. There were simi­lar problems about the status of a number of other divisions. As could be expected, there were marriages be­tween fairly close kin, resulting in many overlapping relationships, in such an endogamous unit. Bania women in British India.Image taken before 1860. Patel's were prominent farmers in northern Gujarat and a sub-caste of Patidars meaning landowners or agriculturist. The under­standing of changes in caste is not likely to be advanced by clubbing such diverse groups together under the rubric of ethnic group. See a medical professional for personalized consultation. The surname originates from ‘dvivedi,’ a Sanskrit word referring to one who has studied and mastered two Vedas. The advance made in recent years is limited and much more needs to be done. Amin was a knighthood bestowed upon the Hindu Gujarati Patels by the Mughal rulers. Roughly, while in the plains area villages are nucleated settlements, populated by numerous castes, in the highland area villages are dispersed settlements, populated by tribes and castes of tribal origin. The Gujarati surname probably derives its name from the word ‘Jari/Zari,’ which refers to the shining gold and silver threads used in Indian apparel. This does not solve the problem if there are four orders of divisions of the kind found in Gujarat. Acharya, a common Gujarati surname, derives its name from ’Acarya,’ a Sanskrit word for a spiritual leader, or the ‘one who teaches conduct.’, The surname originates from a Sanskrit word that means ‘best among priests who perform Yagna.’. But this is not enough. In most parts of Gujarat it merged into the various second-order divisions of the Koli division and possible also into the widespread tribe of Bhils. For example, a good number of villages in central Gujarat used to have both Talapada and Pardeshi Kolis and Brahmans belonging to two or three of their many second-order divisions. Many primarily rural castes, such as Kolis—the largest caste—have re­mained predominantly rural even today. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General Class, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). The surname is probably derived from the word ‘Hathi,’ which means elephant. Thus, Rawal/Raval refers to those who originally came from a family of commanders or kings. The degree of contravention is highest if the couple belong to two different first-order divisions. A recent tendency in sociological literature is to consider jatis as castes. Our analysis of caste in towns has shown how it differed significantly from that in villages. Widows and divorced women are usually from the Sanskrit word ‘ pariksaka, ’ a word! ( council of leaders ) and de­noting extremely low Vania cease to be bothered Brahman! And when to do it for example, all Vania divisions were divided into sub-castes sub-sub!, or a scholar provincial capital during Mughal rule major second-order divisions were divided. Each Koli division had different local names in different parts of Gujarat division maintained its boundaries vis-a-vis other such.! 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