Often, words like these (or certain suffixes such as "-a" and "-i" or "-wan" and "wati") are absorbed from other languages (in these cases, from Sanskrit through the Old Javanese language). The short story below consists of approximately 80 words in Indonesian that are written using Sanskrit words alone, except for a few pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and affixes. Through a language planning program that made Indonesian the language of politics, education, and nation-building in general, Indonesian became one of the few success stories of an indigenous language effectively overtaking that of a country's colonisers to become the de jure and de facto official language. Javanese is also recognized as the official language in East Java as well as in Central Java. Greek words such as demokrasi (from δημοκρατία dēmokratía), filosofi (from φιλοσοφία philasophia), mitos (from μῦθος mythos) came through Dutch, Arabic and Portuguese respectively. The ease with which Indonesia eliminated the language of its former colonial power can perhaps be explained as much by Dutch policy as by Indonesian nationalism. However, plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a ini or itu. The langue gained pro… Saya and aku are the two major forms of "I". Sundanese has more in common with Malay and Madurese, another regional language, than with Javanese, for example. In fact, they consciously prevented the language from being spread by refusing to provide education, especially in Dutch, to the native Indonesians so they would not come to see themselves as equals. The common word for "s/he" and "they" is ia, which has the object and emphatic/focused form dia. This status has made it relatively open to accommodate influences from other Indonesian ethnic languages, most notably Javanese as the majority ethnic group, and Dutch as the previous coloniser. In this case, "mangoes", which is plural, is not said as mangga-mangga because the plurality is implicit: the amount a kilogram means more than one mango. For example, mencarikan becomes nyariin, menuruti becomes nurutin. Commonly the person's name, title, title with name, or occupation is used ("does Johnny want to go? Some of these affixes are ignored in colloquial speech. Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from Arab Peninsula like Arabian, Persian, and from the western part of India, Gujarat where many Muslims lived. Plural in Indonesian serves just to explicitly mention the number of objects in sentence. As early as 1988, teachers of the language have expressed the importance of a standardised Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (also called BIPA, literally Indonesian Language for Foreign Speaker) materials (mostly books), and this need became more evident during the 4th International Congress on the Teaching of Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages held in 2001.[78]. In informal writing, the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. [46], According to Indonesian law, the Indonesian language was proclaimed as the unifying language during the Youth Pledge on 28 October 1928 and developed further to accommodate the dynamics of Indonesian civilisation. mainly those who reside within the vicinity of Jakarta and other large predominantly Indonesian-speaking cities such as Medan and Balikpapan), over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language, with varying degrees of proficiency. In contrast, Javanese and Sundanese were the mother tongues of 42–48% and 15% respectively. The vocabulary of Indonesian borrows heavily from regional languages of Indonesia, such as Javanese, Sundanese and Minangkabau, as well as from Dutch, Sanskrit, Portuguese, Arabic and more recently English. The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malaysian Malay, along with the original declaration in English. For example, tidak (no) is often replaced with the Betawi form nggak or the even simpler gak, while seperti (like, similar to) is often replaced with kayak [kajaʔ]. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, among members of the upper-class or nobility and also in formal situations, despite the 2010 census showing only 19.94% of over-five-year-olds speak mainly Indonesian at home. Plurals are rarely used in Indonesian, especially in informal parlance. Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact, as in sayur-mayur "(all sorts of) vegetables". Because Sanskrit has long been known in the Indonesian archipelago, Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign. Roach, P. (1982). Other examples of the use of affixes to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word ajar (teach): Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words. Unlike the relatively uniform standard variety, Vernacular Indonesian exhibits a high degree of geographical variation, though Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian functions as the de facto norm of informal language and is a popular source of influence throughout the archipelago.[8]. [66], List of loan words of Indonesian language published by the Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan (The Language Center) under the Ministry of Education and Culture:[67]. Sangat or amat (very), the term to express intensity, is often being replaced with the Javanese-influenced banget. Minahasa Surname. This vast database of Indonesian names has been compiled from various references and suggestions provided by our web site users and resources partners. When the Dutch East India Company (VOC) first arrived in the archipelago, the Malay language was a significant trading and political language due to the influence of Malaccan Sultanate and later the Portuguese. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian language. This article is about the official language of Indonesia. Daku "I" and dikau "you" are poetic or romantic. The VOA and BBC use Indonesian as their standard for broadcasting in Malay. [7], The term "Indonesian" is primarily associated with the national standard dialect (bahasa baku). Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked. The book containing the penal code is also called the kitab. [53] They are: Some analyses assume that these diphthongs are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant, so ⟨ai⟩ represents /aj/, ⟨au⟩ represents /aw/, and ⟨oi⟩ represents /oj/. medical and life science translation page. [8] However, in a more loose sense, it also encompasses the various local varieties spoken throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Largest collection of indonesian girl names, indonesian girl names and meanings, indonesian baby girl names. Dutch made the highest contribution to the language, especially in vocabulary due to the Dutch's colonisation for over three centuries, from the 16th century until the mid-20th century. [43] Indonesian has been taught in Australian schools and universities since the 1950s. The disparate evolution of Indonesian and Malaysian has led to a rift between the two standardised varieties. Root words are either nouns or verbs, which can take on affixes to generate new words, for example, masak (to cook) may become memasak (cooking), memasakkan (cooks for), dimasak (is cooked), pemasak (a cook), masakan (a meal, cookery), termasak (accidentally cooked). Though most people write in Sundanese using Latin script, the Sundanese script is still used by some. The word yang "which" is often placed before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty, particularly when making references or enquiries about something/ someone, like English "this one" or "that one". Over that long period, Malay, which would later become standardised as Indonesian, was the primary language of commerce and travel. Some analyses list 19 "primary consonants" for Indonesian as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop [ʔ]. Adjectives, demonstrative determiners, and possessive determiners follow the noun they modify. There are a large number of other words for "I" and "you", many regional, dialectical, or borrowed from local languages. Hence, "rumah saya" means "my house", while "saya rumah" means "I am a house". The Indonesian language is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the media, and thus nearly every Indonesian speaks the langu… Complete Indonesian Baby Girl Names Collection . [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.[56][57]. Appendix:Indonesian given names. In addition to National Universities, private institutions have also started to offer courses, like the Indonesia Australia Language Foundation and the Lembaga Indonesia Amerika. The Indonesian Embassy in Washington, D.C., USA also began offering free Indonesian language courses at the beginner and intermediate level.[80]. Each language is assigned a two-letter (639-1) and three-letter (639-2 and 639-3) lowercase abbreviation, amended in later versions of the nomenclature. It was most influenced by the then current Dutch spelling system. [68] As a result, many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language. Using the "ter-" prefix, implies a state of being. The names have substantially slipped in … [18] Soenjono Dardjowidjojo even goes so far as to say that "Indonesian is perhaps the only language that has achieved the status of a national language in its true sense"[citation needed] since it truly dominates in all spheres of Indonesian society. High Malay was the official language used in the court of the Johor Sultanate and continued by the Dutch-administered territory of Riau-Lingga, while Low Malay was commonly used in marketplaces and ports of the archipelago. Indonesian follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet. [76], Over the past few years, interest in learning Indonesian has grown among non-Indonesians. There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian. [7], Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia, and its usage is encouraged throughout the Indonesian archipelago. For example, Ani membeli satu kilo mangga (Ani buys one kilogram of mangoes). The distinction is not always followed in colloquial Indonesian. Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural: pohon "tree", pepohonan "flora, trees"; rumah "house", perumahan "housing, houses"; gunung "mountain", pegunungan "mountain range, mountains". Means "Betawi" in Arabic, referring to an ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta in Indonesia. [13] Since its conception in 1928 and its official recognition in the 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian language has been loaded with a nationalist political agenda to unify Indonesia (former Dutch East Indies). It is usually said that there are six vowels in Indonesian. [70], The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left a sizeable amount of vocabulary that can be seen in words such as polisi (from politie = police), kualitas (from kwaliteit = quality), aktual (from actueel = current), rokok (from roken = smoking cigarettes), korupsi (from corruptie = corruption), kantor (from kantoor = office), resleting (from ritssluiting = zipper), pelopor (from voorloper = frontrunner), persneling (from versnelling = transmission gear), setrum (from stroom = electricity current), maskapai (from maatschappij = company), apotek (from apotheek = pharmacy), handuk (from handdoek = towel), setrika (from strijkijzer = clothes iron), bioskop (from bioscoop = cinema), spanduk (from spandoeken = banner), korsleting (from kortsluiting = short circuit), om (from oom = uncle), tante (from tante = aunt), traktir (from trakteer = treat) and gratis (from gratis = free). Note: This list only lists foreign languages, and thus omitting numerous local languages of Indonesia that have also been major lexical donors, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, etc. As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as /e/ and /o/. Reduplication may also indicate the conditions of variety and diversity as well, and not simply plurality. [28] This phenomenon is amplified by the use of Indonesian slang, particularly in the cities. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language.[17]. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)). Indonesian does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. Many Indonesians, however, mistake words already adopted from Dutch as words borrowed from English. Therefore, one could write a short story using mostly Sanskrit words. Alpha Omega Translations is a translation, interpretation, and desktop publishing company founded on a strong passion to help people connect globally, regardless of what language they speak or country they live in. The question of whether High Malay (Court Malay) or Low Malay (Bazaar Malay) was the true parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta and its surrounding areas. [51] These six vowels are shown in the table below. A derived form, perpustakaan means a library. [20] The term Bahasa Indonesia itself had been proposed by Mohammad Tabrani in 1926,[21] and Tabrani had further proposed the term over calling the language Malay language during the First Youth Congress in 1926. The language serves as the national and official language, the language of education, communication, transaction and trade documentation, the development of national culture, science, technology, and mass media. For example, "buka" means "open", hence "terbuka" means "is opened"; "tutup" means "closed/shut", hence "tertutup" means "is closed/shut". Indonesian names are uncommon as baby girl names. The letters Q, V and X are rarely encountered, being chiefly used for writing loanwords. Indonesian alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions. Just browse the modern Indonesian babies names shortlist Indonesian name from a-z alphabetic order and get the Indonesian baby name of your choice. Even the name of the Bible in Indonesian translation is Alkitab (from Arabic: الكتاب al-kitāb = the book), which literally means "the Book". Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. In disyllabic stress with a closed penultimate syllable, such as tinggal ('stay') and rantai ('chain'), stress falls on the penult. In D. Crystal (ed. There are four types of affixes: prefixes (awalan), suffixes (akhiran), circumfixes (apitan) and infixes (sisipan). ), Deterding, D. (2011). Indonesian is a 20th century name for Malay. [30] Indonesian, which originated from Malay, is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean and Madagascar, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Here you can deluge yourself with the distinctive list of Indonesia names. Indonesian functions as a symbol of national identity and pride, and is a lingua franca among the diverse ethnic groups in Indonesia. However, Indonesian, as it is known today, was heavily influenced by several languages due to historical ties with other nations. [46] As mentioned previously, the language was based on Riau Malay,[10][48] though linguists note that this is not the local dialect of Riau, but the Malaccan dialect that was used in the Riau court. There are three different dialects of Javanese that correspond to the region of Java they are spoken in. While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond to its written standards), the proximity of spoken Indonesian (in terms of grammar and vocabulary) to its normative form is noticeably low. Javanese is a Sunda-Sulawe… There are two demonstrative pronouns in Indonesian. Saya is the more formal form, whereas aku is used with family, friends, and between lovers. If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to receive more just like it. As a result, Indonesian has more extensive sources of loanwords, compared to Malaysian Malay. [45] Also, in Chapter III, Section 25 to 45, Government regulation No. It was originally based on the Dutch spelling and still bears some similarities to it. In Indonesian, to change a singular into a plural one either repeats the word or adds para before it (the latter for living things only); for example, "students" can be either murid-murid or para murid. For an overview on all languages used in Indonesia, see, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (. In an interview, Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro[79] said that the country's government should promote Indonesian or Malay, which are related to Filipino. Ini "this, these" is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker. Most of the speakers live in western Java, but there are Sundanese speakers found on other Indonesian islands as well. Both /e/ and /ə/ are represented with ⟨e⟩. Indonesia hosts a variety of traditional verbal arts such as poetry, historical narratives, romances, and drama; which are expressed in local languages, but modern genres are expressed mainly through Indonesian. When there is both an agent and an object, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. Either the agent or object or both may be omitted. For example: imajinasi from imagination, universitas from university, aksesori from accessory, geografi from geography, konservatif from conservative, rutin from routine, and so on. Hence, in a sentence such as "saya didekati oleh anjing galak" which means "I was approached by a ferocious dog", the use of the adjective "galak" is not stative at all. Indonesian (EYD): Modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources, there are many synonyms. things (in general), large things, abstract nouns, dua buah meja (two tables), lima buah rumah (five houses), seekor ayam (a chicken), tiga ekor kambing (three goats), seorang laki-laki (a man), enam orang petani (six farmers), seratus orang murid (a hundred students), sebiji/ sebutir telur (an egg), sebutir/ butiran-butiran beras (rice or rices), flat fragments slabs of stone, pieces of wood, pieces of bread, land, coins, paper, Yes, I can speak Indonesian / No, I can not speak Indonesian, This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 12:16. Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. In 1945, when Indonesia declared its independence, Indonesian was formally declared the national language,[25] despite being the native language of only about 5% of the population. While Indonesian is spoken as a mother tongue by only a small proportion of the population (i.e. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Indonesia is often one of those countries that Americans know very little about, unless they have made it a point to read about or have visited it. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa (Arabic: عيسى), but is now spelt as Yesus. Since 2013, the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language courses to 16 batches of Filipino students, as well as training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Something interesting about Indonesian is that it doesn’t have words like “him” and “hers” or “girlfriend” and “boyfriend”, but does have words that distinguish people based on age. A person with two names often uses one name plus the initial of the other name. Adjectives are always placed after the noun that they modify. By borrowing heavily from numerous other languages, it expresses a natural linguistic evolution; in fact, it is as natural as the next language, as demonstrated in its exceptional capacity for absorbing foreign vocabulary.[49]. Allah (Arabic: الله), as it is mostly the case for Arabic speakers, is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. [27], Standard Indonesian is used in books and newspapers and on television/radio news broadcasts. Most Popular, Beautiful, Rare, Stylish, Top & Unique Girl Names Born In Indonesia . /ʃ/ is sometimes replaced with /s/ and was traditionally used as a substitute for /ʃ/ in older borrowings from Sanskrit and /f/ is rarely replaced though /p/ was substituted for /f/ in older borrowings such as kopi "coffee" from Dutch koffie. [73][74] Modern literature like novels, short stories, stage plays, and free-form poetry has developed since the late years of the 19th century and has produced such internationally recognised figures as novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer, dramatist W.S. Anda sekalian is polite plural. [37] Some Indonesian words have also been borrowed into English, among them the common words orangutan, gong, bamboo, rattan, sarong, and the less common words such as paddy, sago and kapok. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India since ancient times. [36] Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. English: [2] It is understood by the Malay people of Australia's Cocos Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean, also in some parts of the Sulu area of the southern Philippines and traces of it are to be found among people of Malay descent in Sri Lanka, South Africa, Suriname, and other places. The relationship with China has been going since the 7th century when Chinese merchants traded in some areas of the archipelago such as Riau, West Borneo, East Kalimantan, and North Maluku. The Minahasa clan refers to the name of the family or clan used behind the first … Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu – knife), loteng, (樓/層 = lóu/céng – [upper] floor/ level), mie (麵 > 面 Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), cawan (茶碗 cháwǎn – teacup), teko (茶壺 > 茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu (hard) and 力 li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 汝 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). There are direct borrowings from various other languages of the world, such as karaoke (from カラオケ) from Japanese, and ebi (from えび) which means dried shrimp. Words of Arabic origin include dunia (from Arabic: دنيا dunyā = the present world), names of days (except Minggu), such as Sabtu (from Arabic: سبت sabt-u = Saturday), iklan (آعلان iʻlan = advertisement), kabar (خبر khabar = news), Kursi (كرسي kursī = a chair), jumat (جمعة jumʻa = Friday), ijazah (إجازة ijāza = 'permission', certificate of authority, e.g. Four words are used for negation in Indonesian, namely tidak, bukan, jangan, and belum. MUHAMMAD m Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Bengali, Tajik, Uzbek, Indonesian, Malay, Avar. These Dutch loanwords, and many other non-Italo-Iberian, European language loanwords that came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Instead, a marker is inserted into the phrase to show when something happened, like “today” or “last year”. Many English words were incorporated into Indonesian through globalisation. [12][13] Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra,[14] Malay has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium. In other languages. Using se- plus a measure word is closer to English "one" or "a certain": Indonesian is written with the Latin script. [75] Indonesia's classic novels itself, have their own charm, offering insight into local culture and traditions and the historical background before and immediately after the country gained independence. For example, orang-orang means "(all the) people", but orang-orangan means "scarecrow". ", "would Madam like to go? ANIRAH f Indonesian, Malay (Rare), Filipino, Maranao A kitab is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidance. This information is developed to primarily serve as a … On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods. If the penult has a schwa, then stress moves to the ante-penultimate syllable if there is one, even if that syllable has a schwa as well; if the word is disyllabic, the stress is final. Instead, a local language with far fewer native speakers than the most widely spoken local language was chosen (nevertheless, Malay was the second most widely spoken language in the colony after Javanese, and had many L2 speakers using it for trade, administration, and education). However, the rapid disappearance of Dutch was a very unusual case compared with other colonised countries, where the colonial language generally has continued to function as the language of politics, bureaucracy, education, technology, and other fields of importance for a significant time after independence. For example, in the sentence "anjing itu galak", the use of "itu" gives a meaning of "the/that dog is ferocious", while "anjing ini galak", gives a meaning of "this dog is ferocious". Examples of these are the prefixes di- (patient focus, traditionally called [18] The combination of these factors meant that the language was already known to some degree by most of the population, and it could be more easily adopted as the national language than perhaps any other. This has been based more upon political nuance and the history of their standardisation than cultural reasons, and as a result, there are asymmetrical views regarding each other's variety among Malaysians and Indonesians. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different normative varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate, albeit closely related, languages. Three Reasons Financial Translation Can Be Tricky, Marketing in Spanish-Speaking Latin America: Why We Must Do Our Research. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world—of which the majority speak Indonesian, which makes it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. [19] By the time they tried to counter the spread of Malay by teaching Dutch to the natives, it was too late, and in 1942, the Japanese conquered Indonesia and outlawed the use of the Dutch language. [18] Moreover, the Dutch wished to prevent the Indonesians from elevating their perceived social status by taking on elements of Dutch culture. Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation jemaat (from Arabic: جماعة jamāʻa = group, a community). These are used when there is no emphasis on the pronoun: Here ku-verb is used for a general report, aku verb is used for a factual statement, and emphatic aku-lah meng-verb (≈ "I am the one who...") for focus on the pronoun.[63]. Sanskrit words and sentences are also used in names, titles, and mottos of the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces such as: Bhayangkara, Laksamana, Jatayu, Garuda, Dharmakerta Marga Reksyaka, Jalesveva Jayamahe, Kartika Eka Paksi, Swa Bhuwana Paksa, Rastra Sewakottama, Yudha Siaga, etc. A regional language of Indonesia, Sundanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family spoken by around 39 million people. The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Indonesian has light stress that falls on either the final or penultimate syllable, depending on regional variations as well as the presence of the schwa (/ə/) in a word. Indonesian words for girl include gadis, cewek, anak perempuan, pemudi, puteri, nona, pacar wanita and babu. Compared to the indigenous dialects of Malay spoken in Sumatra and Malay peninsula or the normative Malaysian standard, the Indonesian language differs profoundly by a large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into its already-rich vocabulary. It is generally the penultimate syllable that is stressed, unless its vowel is a schwa /ə/. "Measurements of the rhythm of Malay".
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